Identifying drinking-water quality threats for a small town in Karnataka by geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants

The study’s objectives are to evaluate the combined threats drinking-water quality of Mulbagal town from fluoride and pit toilet leachate contamination, prioritize hazards, provide recommendations for safe drinking water. were achieved by measuring tube well’s inorganic microbial water quality, statistical analysis data, evaluating E. coli contamination free chlorine residual levels during transport storage, performing qualitative risk hazards. tube-well samples conformed acceptable (1.0 mg/L)/permissible (1.5 mg/L) limits in Pearson correlation hierarchical cluster tools indicated that wells inside prone blackwater contamination. Nitrate (55 388 (2 1601 CFU/100 mL) contaminated eighty-four % seventy-seven town. Qualitative acute chronic ailments would most certainly impact a large population if they drink with nitrate pollutants. Drinking outside posed an insignificant Microbial exposes daily ill effects Adequate chlorination should be performed storage reservoirs maintain 0.2 mg/L household containers after 24 h.